Perceptions of lecturers and students regarding discriminatory experiences and sexual harassment in academic medicine - results from a faculty-wide quantitative study.

BACKGROUND: Discrimination and sexual harassment are prevalent in higher education institutions and can affect students, faculty members and employees. Herein the aim was to assess the extent of discriminatory experiences and sexual harassment of students and lecturers at one of the largest teaching hospitals in Europe. We analyze whether there are differences between lecturers and students, different study programs as well as sex/gender differences. METHODS: In an interdisciplinary, iterative process, a semi-standardized questionnaire was developed and sent to N = 7095 students (S) of all study programs and N = 2528 lecturers (L) at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. The study was conducted from November 2018 to February 2019. Besides a broad range of questions on sociodemographic background allowing for diversity sensitive data analysis, they were asked if they had witnessed and/or experienced any form of discrimination or sexual harassment at the medical faculty, if yes, how often, the perceived reasons, situational factors and perpetrators. RESULTS: The response rate was 14% (n = 964) for students and 11% (n = 275) for lecturers. A proportion of 49.6% of students (L: 31%) reported that they have witnessed and/or experienced discriminatory behavior. Sexual harassment was witnessed and/or experienced by 23.6% of students (L: 19.2%). Lecturers (85.9%) were identified as the main source of discriminatory behavior by students. Directors/supervisors (47.4%) were stated as the main source of discriminatory behavior by lecturers. As the most frequent perceived reason for discriminatory experiences sex/gender (S: 71%; L: 60.3%) was reported. Women and dental students experienced more discriminatory behavior and sexual harassment. CONCLUSIONS: Discriminatory behavior is experienced by a significant number of students and lecturers, with power structures having a relevant impact. Dental students and women appear to be particularly exposed. Specific institutional measures, such as training programs for lecturers and students are necessary to raise awareness and provide resources. Furthermore, national preventive strategies should be thoroughly implemented to fight discrimination and harassment at the workplace.

Experiences of Stigma and Discrimination Compounded by Intersecting Identities among Individuals Receiving Medication for Opioid Use Disorder.

Stigma and discrimination create barriers to care among people receiving medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). We report qualitative findings from a mixed methods study guided by three aims: to explore (1) intersecting identities of people receiving MOUD (2) how individuals experience stigma and discrimination and (3) helpful resources in addressing cumulative experiences of multiple forms of disadvantage. We conducted interviews with 25 individuals in three treatment centers in the Northeast United States and identified six themes: (1) Living with multiple socially marginalized identities and addiction; (2) Loss; (3) "It's everywhere": Discrimination and stigma; (4) A "damaged" identity, (5) Positive responses to negative experiences: Facing reality and becoming accountable, and (6) Experiencing treatment and identifying supportive interventions. Findings highlight the complexity of intersecting, marginalized social positions. Future work should look beyond one-size-fits-all approaches to care and recognize individual vulnerabilities and strengths for improving outcomes among those experiencing OUD.

Digital Redlining-The Invisible Structural Determinant of Health.

This Viewpoint describes digital redlining as racialized inequities in access to technology infrastructure, including access to health care, education, employment, and social services.

Discriminatory and valuing communication behaviors in cardiology encounters.

OBJECTIVE: Many have found racial differences in clinician-patient communication using validated codebooks that represent effective communication. No codebooks used for examining racial differences, however, have included patient input. In this paper, we describe creating codebook with Black patient advocates to determine if we could reliably code discriminatory/valuing communication and assess racial differences in these behaviors. METHODS: We created a codebook for discriminatory/valuing communication behaviors with the input of Black patient advocates. We used the codebook to analyze data from 101 audio recorded encounters between White cardiologists and Black and White patients. We examined the differences in the prevalence of behaviors in cardiology encounters. RESULTS: In comparison to White patients, cardiologists made fewer tailoring statements to their Black patients (68% vs. 49%, p = 0.07). Coders found 4 instances of stereotyping behaviors and only Black patients (p = 0.12). We found no significant associations between any of the other outcomes and patient race. Black patients had a lower incidence of tailoring statements (p = 0.13), lower incidence of interrupting statements (p = 0.16), and higher rushed global score (p = 0.14). CONCLUSION AND PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: We found that coders can reliably identify discriminatory/valuing behaviors in cardiology encounters. Future work should apply these codes to other datasets to assess their validity and generalizability.

VIH y derechos humanos: acción política para alcanzar ZERO estigma / HIV and human rights: political action to achieve ZERO stigma

Los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible 10.2 y 10.3 ponen de manifiesto la importancia de fomentar la eliminación de leyes discrimi-natorias, así como de implantar políticas y prácticas orientadas a la inclusión social, económica y política de los grupos sociales vulnerables. En este sentido, abordar la discriminación y el estigma asociados al VIH sigue siendo una asignatura pendiente dentro de los países que conforman la Unión Europea. De ahí que esta cuestión haya sido una prioridad política de la Presidencia española del Consejo de la Unión Europea, reflejada en la Reunión de Alto Nivel VIH y derechos humanos. Acción política para alcanzar CERO estigma. En esta reunión se abordaron diferentes estrategias y acuerdos para promover la eliminación del estigma y la discriminación asociada al VIH en diferentes ámbitos y dimen-siones sociales, políticas e institucionales.(AU)

According to Sustainable Development Goals 10.2 and 10.3, it is imperative to promote the elimination of discriminatory laws, as well as implement policies and practices for the inclusion of vulnerable social groups on the social, economic and political fronts. In this regard, HIV-related discrimination and stigma remain unaddressed in many European Union countries. Fighting HIV-related stigma has been one of the main priorities of the Spanish Presidency of the Council of the European Union. This commitment was reflected in the High Level Meeting entitled HIV and Human Rights. Political action to achieve ZERO stigma. This meeting provided an opportunity to discuss a variety of strategies and agreements for eradicating stigma and discrimination associated with HIV in a variety of social, political, and institutional contexts.(AU)

Discrimination and Cognition in Midlife Black Women: The Roles of Social Support and Spirituality.

OBJECTIVES: Black women are at high risk for discrimination and cognitive impairment in late life. It is not known if discrimination is a risk factor for cognitive decline in Black women and if so, what factors are protective against the adverse cognitive effects of discrimination. Using the biopsychosocial model of gendered racism, we determined if discrimination is associated with poorer cognition in midlife Black women and if social support and/or spirituality would protect against the deleterious effects of discrimination on cognition. METHODS: Participants were midlife Black women (N = 669) from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Discrimination was measured by the Everyday Discrimination scale. Cognitive outcomes included episodic memory, processing speed, and working memory. Total social support, emotional support, instrumental support, and spirituality were assessed as protective factors. RESULTS: Contrary to expectations, structural equation modeling indicated that discrimination was associated with better immediate recall. For women with more emotional support, greater discrimination was associated with better immediate recall than for women with lower emotional support. Spirituality was not a significant moderator in the association between discrimination and cognition. DISCUSSION: Discrimination had unexpected positive associations with learning and attention-based cognitive skills for midlife Black women. Discrimination might enhance vigilance, which could be facilitated by higher levels of emotional support. There is an opportunity for clinical and public health interventions for cognitive health and discrimination focused on Black women to better incorporate emotional support as a coping resource.

Discrimination and social identity processes predict impairment and dysfunction among heavy drinkers.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has linked discrimination to poorer health. Yet health risk behaviours such as heavy alcohol consumption are often targeted with stigmatising public health campaigns. The current study sought to establish the link between experiencing discrimination and health outcomes among heavy drinkers, with a focus on exploring the multiple social identity processes that might underpin this relationship. METHODS: A survey was conducted with 282 people who self-reported consuming alcohol above recommended guidelines. We measured discrimination experienced as a drinker, components of social identification as a drinker (centrality, satisfaction, solidarity, homogeneity, and self-stereotyping), and two health outcomes: psychological distress and severity of alcohol use disorder symptomatology. RESULTS: Discrimination was a moderate-large predictor of psychological distress and alcohol use disorder symptoms. Three social identity constructs were implicated in the link between discrimination and ill-health: identity centrality and homogeneity positively mediated this relationship while identity satisfaction was a negative mediator. The model explained a large proportion of the variance (39-47%) in health outcomes. DISCUSSION: Results are interpreted with an emphasis on the need to avoid stigmatising messaging and to prioritise social identity processes to prevent and treat substance use disorders. We further highlight the need for social identity researchers to consider the multidimensional nature of social identities, especially in the context of stigmatised groups.

Exploring discrimination, social acceptance, and its impact on the psychological well-being of older men who have sex with men: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The exploration of discrimination, social acceptance, and their impact on the psychological well-being of older men who have sex with men (MSM) is a critical area of study within the broader field of LGBTQ+ research. This demographic, comprising individuals who identify as both male and homosexual and are aged in the older spectrum of the population, faces unique challenges that intersect age, sexual orientation, and societal attitudes. Objectives This study aimed to explore the relationship between social acceptance and isolation with discrimination and the impact on the psychological well-being of older MSM. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was administered among older MSM residing in three distinct regions: the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong, and Taiwan, with a total sample size of N = 453 participants, evenly distributed with N = 151 individuals from each region. The survey included the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), the Discrimination and Self-Stigma Evaluation Scale (DSSES), and the Perceived Acceptance Scale (PAS) which measures the perceived social acceptance from friends, mother, father, and family. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean scores of the GHQ-12 indicated that the participants had a moderate level of psychological distress, with a mean score of 6.38 (SD = 2.55). The DSSES mean score was 27.78 (SD = 8.73), indicating that participants experienced discrimination in their everyday lives. The PAS mean score was 3.08 (SD = 0.48), indicating that participants had a moderate level of perceived social acceptance. These results suggest that discrimination and social acceptance differ among older MSM in different areas in PRC, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the impact of discrimination and social acceptance on the psychological well-being of older MSM. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at reducing discrimination and promoting social acceptance may improve the psychological well-being of older MSM. These results have important implications for healthcare providers and policymakers in developing strategies to promote social acceptance and reduce discrimination towards older MSM.

Stigma in Clinical Oncology.

BACKGROUND: Health-related stigma, including cancer-related stigma, can lead to discrimination that contributes to health inequities and poor health-related outcomes. OBJECTIVES: This article provides a scholarly foundation to acknowledge and address health-related stigma in clinical oncology care. METHODS: This comprehensive clinical literature review is based on peer-reviewed articles identified through targeted searches in CINAHL®, PubMed®, and Google Scholar™ databases. FINDINGS: This review provides an updated scholarly foundation about stigma in clinical oncology practice. The review highlights stigma in clinical oncology research, identifies a framework for examining multilevel health-related stigma and discrimination, examines stigma measurement instruments, and reviews stigma reduction interventions.

Celebrating Black Nurses' Contributions to Health Care.

Despite discrimination, these nurses helped solve a postwar shortage.

Association of Epigenetic Age and Everyday Discrimination With Longitudinal Trajectories of Chronic Health Conditions in Older Adults.

We investigated the strength of the association between baseline epigenetic age, everyday discrimination, and trajectories of chronic health conditions (CHCs) across 3 study waves, among adults 50 years of age and older. We used 2016-2020 data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Data for the PhenoAge and DNAm GrimAge second-generation epigenetic clocks were from the 2016 HRS Venous Blood Study. CHC trajectories were constructed using latent class growth curve models. Multinomial logistic regression models assessed the strength of the association between accelerated epigenetic age, everyday discrimination, and the newly constructed CHC trajectories for participants with complete data (n = 2 893). In the fully adjusted model, accelerated PhenoAge (relative risk ratios [RRR] = 2.53, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.81, 3.55) and DNAm GrimAge (RRR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.95, 4.00) were associated with classification into the high CHC trajectory class. Racial disparities were evident, with increased risk of classification into the high trajectory class for Black (PhenoAge: RRR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.07, 2.68) and reduced risk for Hispanic (PhenoAge: RRR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.64; DNAm GrimAge: RRR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.17, 0.68), relative to White participants. Everyday discrimination was associated with classification into the medium-high (RRR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.64) and high (RRR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.07, 2.16) trajectory classes in models assessing DNAm GrimAge. More research is needed to better understand the longitudinal health outcomes of accelerated aging and adverse social exposures. Such research may provide insights into vulnerable adults who may need varied welfare supports earlier than the mandated chronological age for access to federal and state resources.

Prevalence of Discrimination and the Association Between Employment Discrimination and Health Care Access and Use - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Among Transgender Women, Seven Urban Areas, United States, 2019-2020.

Transgender women experience discrimination in many settings, including in employment. Because employment and health insurance are intertwined in the United States, employment discrimination might be related to lower health insurance coverage and health care use, including gender-affirming care. This analysis used data from transgender women (N = 1,608) in seven urban areas in the United States collected during 2019-2020 to present the prevalence of six discrimination types (employment, housing, bathroom, businesses, health care, and abuse) and to measure the association between employment discrimination (defined as trouble getting a job or fired due to being transgender) and sociodemographic characteristics, health care access, and health care use. Log-linked Poisson regression models were conducted to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% CIs. Seven in 10 transgender women experienced at least one type of discrimination during the past 12 months. During the same period, 9.9% of transgender women were fired and 32.4% had trouble getting a job because of being transgender. Employment discrimination was associated with younger age and lower socioeconomic status. Having trouble getting a job was associated with health care access and health care use factors, including having no health insurance or having Medicaid only, having an unmet medical need because of cost, never having transgender-specific care, and having an unmet need for gender-affirming procedures. These findings suggest that employment discrimination contributes to transgender women's economic marginalization and their ability to obtain adequate health insurance coverage and achieve their transition goals. These findings might help guide efforts that protect transgender women's right to pursue their work, health, and life goals without discrimination.

Coping With Discrimination Among African Americans With Type 2 Diabetes: Factor Structure and Associations With Diabetes Control, Mental Distress, and Psychosocial Resources.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes undermines diabetes-related health outcomes among African Americans, who have a disproportionately high incidence of the disease. Experiences of discrimination are common among African Americans and compound diabetes-related stress, exacerbating poor health outcomes. Appropriate use of coping strategies may mitigate the detrimental effect of discrimination on diabetes-related outcomes, but examining associations between coping strategies and health outcomes is needed to inform potential interventions. This study assessed the factor structure of the Coping with Discrimination Scale (CDS) among African American adults with type 2 diabetes and examined associations of CDS subscales with measures of diabetes control, mental distress, and psychosocial resources. Methods: The CDS was administered primarily through churches to African Americans with type 2 diabetes residing in Austin, Texas, and surrounding areas. Data were collected from August 2020 through April 2023. We conducted principal axis factor analysis of the CDS and determined internal consistency for each factor. We computed bivariate and partial correlations between CDS subscales and indicators of diabetes control (hemoglobin A1c, diabetes self-management), mental distress (diabetes distress, perceived stress, depressive symptoms), and psychosocial resources (resilience, social support, self-efficacy). Results: The 284 African American adults (204 women, 80 men) ranged in age from 23 to 86 years (mean [SD] = 62 [11] y). We identified 4 factors: education/advocacy, internalization, strong response, and detachment. Scores were highest for education/advocacy items and lowest for strong response items. Education/advocacy was associated with higher scores on psychosocial resources, whereas detachment was associated with lower scores. Internalization and strong response were associated with higher mental distress. Strong response was associated with higher hemoglobin A1c, and education/advocacy was associated with enhanced diabetes self-management. Conclusion: We suggest health care professionals create culturally tailored interventions that aid individuals in educating others, advocating for themselves, or recognizing situations outside one's control and detaching from responsibility, rather than internalizing experiences of discrimination or engaging in strong responses that upon reflection are detrimental to one's health.

Peer-based discrimination and adolescent emotional and sleep health: A daily examination of direct and buffering associations.

Using 10-day daily diary data collected in 2019 from 10th grade students in southern U.S. (N = 161, 57% Latina/x/o, 21% Biracial, 10% Asian, 9% White, 4% Black; 55% female, Mage = 15.51), this study examined various forms of peer-based discrimination in adolescents' everyday lives. Results showed that personally experienced discrimination, peer racial teasing, and vicarious discrimination were frequent and impactful events. Results also provided strong evidence for the protective role of psychological resilience and some evidence for the protective-reactive roles of peer support and school climate in moderating the link between peer-based discrimination and daily well-being. The findings highlight the necessity to eliminate peer-based discrimination and shed light on interventions to reduce the harmful effects of peer-based discrimination on adolescents' daily well-being.

As Much As I Can - Utilizing Immersive Theatre to Reduce HIV-Related Stigma and Discrimination Toward Black Sexual Minority Men.

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in biomedical HIV prevention modalities such as pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the transmission of HIV, racial/ethnic and sexual/gender minority populations are disproportionately impacted by HIV epidemic. Alarming rates of HIV have persisted among Black gay and bisexual men, particularly in Southern states. METHODS: Utilizing data from the ViiV ACCELERATE! initiative, we explored the impact of As Much As I Can, an immersive theatre production, on HIV-related stigma behaviors. A self-administered post-performance survey was conducted with a cohort (n = 322) of randomly selected audience members. RESULTS: Overall, the results showed participants had a highly favorable experience, rating the performance with a mean score of 9.77/10. Respondents indicated they intended to change behaviors to promote HIV prevention education and to reduce stigma and discrimination including: (1) Say something if I hear stigmatizing language against people living with HIV (75.4%), (2) Say something if I hear anti-gay language (69.7%) and (3) Tell others about HIV prevention options (e.g., PrEP, PEP, condoms (64.1%). The findings show there is an association between HIV-related behavior intention and linkage to HIV care. Respondents who reported they were more likely to say something about HIV stigma were almost three times (O.R. 2.77; 95% C.I. 0.98-7.8) more likely to indicate they would follow up with a healthcare professional. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that immersive theatre is an effective method for communicating HIV prevention education and reducing HIV-related structural stigma and discrimination that increases HIV vulnerability for Black sexual minority men.